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The distinction between sex and gender differentiates sex (the anatomy of an individual's reproductive system, and secondary sex characteristics) from gender, which can refer to either social roles based on the sex of the person (gender role) or personal identification of one's own gender based on an internal awareness (gender identity).〔Prince, Virginia. 2005. "Sex vs. Gender." ''International Journal of Transgenderism''. 8(4).〕 In some circumstances, an individual's assigned sex and gender do not align, and the person may be transgender,〔 or intersex. The sex and gender distinction is not universal. In ordinary speech, ''sex'' and ''gender'' are often used interchangeably. Some dictionaries and academic disciplines give them different definitions while others do not. Among scientists, the term ''sex differences'' (as compared to ''gender differences'') is typically applied to sexually dimorphic traits that are hypothesized to be evolved consequences of sexual selection.〔Mealey, L. (2000). Sex differences. NY: Academic Press.〕〔Geary, D. C. (2009) Male, Female: The Evolution of Human Sex Differences. Washtington, D.C.: American Psychological Association〕 == Sex == Anisogamy, or the size differences of gametes (sex cells), is the defining feature of the two sexes. By definition, males have small gametes (sperm); females have large gametes (ova).〔Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1983). Sex, evolution and behavior. Monterey: Brooks Cole〕 In humans, typical male or female sexual differentiation includes the presence or absence of a Y chromosome, the type of gonads, the sex hormones, the internal reproductive anatomy (such as the uterus in females), and the external genitalia.〔Knox, David; Schacht, Caroline. ''(Choices in Relationships: An Introduction to Marriage and the Family )''. 11 ed. Cengage Learning; 2011-10-10. ISBN 9781111833220. p. 64–66.〕 People with mixed sex factors are intersex. People whose internal psychological experience differs from their assigned sex are transgender or transsexual. The consensus among scientists is that all behaviors are phenotypes—complex interactions of both biology and environment—and thus nature vs. nurture is a misleading categorization.〔Francis, D., & Kaufer, D. (2011). (Beyond Nature vs. Nurture. Beyond Nature vs. Nurture ). The Scientist, October 1, 2011.〕〔Johnson, J. (2011). What Anti-Evolutionary Psychologists are Really Worried About Nurturists seem to be afraid of non-existent bogey-men. Psychology Today, (blog post )〕〔Ridley, M. (2004). The Agile Gene: How Nature Turns on Nurture. NY: Harper Perennial〕 The term ''sex differences'' is typically applied to sexually dimorphic traits that are hypothesized to be evolved consequences of sexual selection. For example, the human "sex difference" in height is a consequence of sexual selection, while the "gender difference" typically seen in head hair length (women with longer hair) is not.〔〔 Scientific research shows an individual's sex influences his or her behavior.〔Haier, Richard J, Rex E Jung, and others, 'The Neuroanatomy of General Intelligence: Sex Matters', in ''NeuroImage'', vol. 25 (2005): 320–327. ()〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sex differences in the brain's serotonin system )〕〔''Women Have Greater Density of Neurons in Posterior Temporal Cortex'' /Sandra Wittelson / Journal of Neuroscience #15 (1995).〕 ''Sex'' is annotated as different from ''gender'' in the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', where it says ''sex'' "tends now to refer to biological differences".〔(''Oxford English Dictionary'' (draft revision (online) Jun., 2010) ), as accessed Aug. 22, 2010, ''sex'', noun 1, sense 2a.〕 The World Health Organization (WHO) similarly states that "'()ex' refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women" and that "'()ale' and 'female' are sex categories".〔(''What do we mean by "sex" and "gender"?'' (World Health Organization (WHO > Programmes and Projects > Gender, Women and Health)) ), as accessed Aug. 24, 2010 (no author or date & boldfacing omitted).〕 The ''American Heritage Dictionary'' (5th ed.), however, lists ''sex'' as both "Either of the two divisions, designated female and male, by which most organisms are classified on the basis of their reproductive organs and functions" and "One's identity as either female or male," among other definitions.〔()''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'' (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 5th ed. 2011, ''sex'', senses 2a and 4, accessed Jun 10, 2013〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「sex and gender distinction」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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